Reference format
Article with doi:
Author, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle if there is one. Title of the Journal, volume(issue if used), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx |
Article without doi:
Author, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle if there is one. Title of the Journal, volume(issues if used), pages. Retrieved from https://journal home page |
When citing a retrieval date:
Reference list entry
With doi
Li, S., & Seale, C. (2007). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: An observational study of doctoral work. Qualitative Health & Research, 17, 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307306924 |
No doi
Bartlett, R. P. (2009). Going private but staying public: Re-examining the effect of Sarbanes-Oxley on firms going-private decisions. The University of Chicago Law Review, 76, 7–39. Retrieved from http://lawreview.uchicago.edu/ |
No doi, no journal website
Fennimore, D. L. (1981). American neoclassical furniture and its European antecedents. American Art Journal, 13(4), 49-65. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org |
Include the database home page URL if the article is:
With doi, advance online publication
Von Ledebur, S. C. (2007). Optimizing knowledge transfer by new employees in companies. Knowledge Management Research & Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500141 |
Cochrane Review - with doi
Blake, D., Farquhar, C., Johnson, N., & Proctor, M. (2007). Cleavage stage versus blastocyst stage embryo transfer in assisted conception. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002118.pub3 |
Special issues
Haney, C., & Wiener, R. L. (Eds.). (2004). Capital punishment in the United States [Special issue]. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(4). |
Articles in a special issue
Orazi, D. C., Lei, J., & Bove, L. L. (2015). The nature and framing of gambling consequences in advertising. Journal of Business Research, 68(10), 2049-2056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.03.002 |
In-text citations:
Liu and Seale (2007) said .... or ...... to stop smoking (Liu & Searl, 2007) |
One author, Multiple works published in the same year
Reference list entry:
Kasabov, N. K. (2015a). Evolving connectionist systems for adaptive learning and knowledge discovers: Trends and directions. Knowledge-Based Systems, 80, 2–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2014.12.032 Kasabov, N. K. (2015b). Integrative Computational Neurogenetic Modeling. In A. W. Toga (Ed.), Brain Mapping (pp. 667–674). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397025-1.00349-3 |
In-text citation:
... as research has shown (Rush, 2015a). |
Find more in-text citation examples on the In-text Citation page.
Reference format
Author, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle if there is one. Title of the Journal, volume(issue if used), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx |
Reference list entry:
With doi:
Wilson, S., Spies-Butcher, B., & Stebbing, A. (2009). Targets and taxes: Explaining the welfare orientations of the Australian public. Social Policy & Administration, 43, 508-525. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2009.00676 |
No doi:
McFeely, S. (2001). Young people’s pathway to smoking cessation. Nursing Standard, 16(2), 39–42. |
In-text citations:
McFeely (2001) said .... or ...... to stop smoking (Wilson, Spies-Butcher & Stebbing, 2009) |
Reference format
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (in press). Title of article. Title of Periodical. |
Reference list entry
Brey, P. (in press). The strategic role of technology in a good society. Technology in Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.02.002 |
Reference format - online magazine or newspaper
Author, Initial. (Year, month day). Title of the article: Subtitle if there is one. Title of the magazine or newspaper, volume(issue if used), pages. Retrieved from http://the home page of the magazine or newspaper |
Reference list entry:
Magazine article (online):
Read, E. (2007, November 1). Myth-busting gen Y. New Zealand Management, 54(10), 63–64. Retrieved from http://www.management.co.nz |
Newspaper article (online) without a page number:
Zendrian, A. (2008, April 15). CEO pay too high? The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com |
No author (newspaper with a page number):
Nuke test inquiry doubted. (2009, April 23). The Dominion Post, p. 5. Retrieved from http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post |
Newspaper articles in print:
Fleming, G. (2008, November 4). Shaking up the working world. The New Zealand Herald, p. D1. |
In-text citation:
... on nuclear weapons ("Nuke Test Inquiry" 2009) |
See the DOI and URL page - link
Some business databases provide articles analysing a special industry or product. These articles often don't have authors. Use the publisher as the author, record the date of publication and name the database in the retrieval statement.
Reference list entry:
Euromonitor International. (2017, January 27). Coffee in New Zealand. Retrieved from Passport database. |
DOI
DOI = digital object identifier
Doi in your reference list entry:
New!
A new citing format for DOI was introduced by APA in March 2017. The new format includes https and the prefix doi.org: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2016.11.001
Example:
Oppenheimer, D., Zaromb, F., Pomerantz, J. R., Williams, J. C., & Park, Y. S. (2017). Improvement of writing skills during college: A multi-year cross-sectional and longitudinal study of undergraduate writing performance. Assessing Writing, 32, 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2016.11.001 |
NOTES:
Articles retrieved from library databases may include ezproxy.aut.ac.nz in the DOIs. This ezproxy information should be removed.
For example:
https://doi-org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/10.1093/pubmed/fdv045
The correct URL for this DOI is:
https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv045
URL
If there is no DOI for a online journal article or an e-book, include a URL in your reference.
Use the URL of a journal home page for journal articles without DOI
Finding a journal homepage URL:
You could do a Google search for the journal title (within double quotation marks), e.g. "new zealand management magazine" to find the journal's homepage
Or, go to the Library database Ulrichsweb, search by the journal title or the journal's ISSN to find the journal record. On the journal record page, find the journal URL for your reference.
Journals without a home page and no DOI:
This can happen to some discontinued journals, or journals archived in an archival database only.
Use a URL of a library database:
Resources retrieved from a library database, without a DOI:
If you use electronic resources without DOI, such as an ebook or a data set or a journal without a website, from a library database, You are required to include the URL of the database homepage in your reference.
Example:
An ebook "Small town sustainability: economic, social,and environmental innovation".
The URL on the ebook page is:
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/lib/AUT/detail.action?docID=1121624
A reference list only lists the sources you have referred to in your writing.
The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to be be found by your reader. It also gives credit to authors whose work and ideas you have considered. All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for personal communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved.
A bibliography is different from a reference list as it lists all the sources used during your research and background reading, not just the ones you refer to in your writing.
References |
Alred, G. J., Brusaw, C. T., & Oliu, W. E. (2009). The business writer’s handbook. New York, NY: St Martin's Press. |
Best, A. (2004). International history of the twentieth century. Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com |
Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.), Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97–106). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press. |
Flesch, R. (n.d.). How to write plain English. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://www.mang.canterbury.ac.nz/writing_guide /writing/flesch.shtml |
Global warming. (2009, June 1). Retrieved June 4, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming |
Li, S., & Seale, C. (2007). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: An observational study of doctoral work. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307306924 |
Radio New Zealand. (2008). Annual report 2007-2008. Retrieved from http://static.radionz.net.nz/assets /pdf_file/0010/179676/Radio_NZ_Annual_Report_2008.pdf |
Read, E. (2007, November 1). Myth-busting gen Y. New Zealand Management. Retrieved from http://www.management.co.nz |
A secondary citation is where you are citing information or quotes the author of your reference has taken from source that you have not read.
In-text citation:
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study, conducted in 1990 (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), shows that ... |
... as some studies show (Seidenberg & McClelland, as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993). |
Reference list entry:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589–608. |